`dpkg -i     # 安装软件包
dpkg -r     # 移除软件（保留配置）
dpkg -P     # 移除软件（不保留配置）
dpkg -c     # 列出deb包的内容
dpkg -l     # 配合|grep，查找主机包
dpkg -s     # 查找包的详细信息
dpkg -L     # 查看已安装的软件包，都存在系统哪有文件
dpkg -S     # 显示指定包的状态信息`

官方源
deb http://http.kali.org/kali kali-rolling main non-free contrib
deb-src http://http.kali.org/kali kali-rolling main non-free contrib
中科大源
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/kali kali-rolling main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/kali kali-rolling main non-free contrib
阿里云源
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kali kali-rolling main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kali kali-rolling main non-free contrib
清华大学源
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/kali kali-rolling main contrib non-free
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/kali kali-rolling main contrib non-free
浙大源
deb http://mirrors.zju.edu.cn/kali kali-rolling main contrib non-free
deb-src http://mirrors.zju.edu.cn/kali kali-rolling main contrib non-free
东软大学源
deb http://mirrors.neusoft.edu.cn/kali kali-rolling/main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.neusoft.edu.cn/kali kali-rolling/main non-free contrib
新加坡kali源
deb http://mirror.nus.edu.sg/kali/kali/ kali main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirror.nus.edu.sg/kali/kali/ kali main non-free contrib
163 Kali源
deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian wheezy main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian wheezy main non-free contrib

apt-get install      #安装软件包                
apt-get remove       #仅卸载软件，但是并不卸载配置文件
apt-get purge        #卸载指令，同时卸载相应的配置文件
apt-get update       #将所有包的来源更新（更新源）
apt-get upgrade      #将系统中旧版本的包升级成最新的
apt-cache search     #用关键字搜索包
apt-cache show       #显示特定包的基本信息
apt-cache depends    #列出包的依赖
apt-get clean        #清理本地包占用的磁盘空间(/var/cache/apt/archives)
apt-get autoremove   #卸载软件的时候同时卸载那些当初作为依赖但是现在并不需要的包

rpm -ivh [package_name]         #安装软件包
rpm -evh [package_name]         #卸载软件
rpm -qlp *.rpm                  #列出rpm包的内容
rpm -qa |grep [字符串]           #在已安装的所有软件中查询包含某字符串的软件版本
rpm -ql [软件名]                 #列出该软件所有文件与目录所在的完整文件名
rpm -qc [软件名]                 #列出软件的所有设置文件
rpm -qR [软件名]                 #查询某软件依赖的其他软件
rpm -qf [文件名]                 #查询文件属于哪个软件包

[baseos]
name=Rocky Linux $releasever - BaseOS
mirrorlist=https://mirrors.rockylinux.org/mirrorlist?arch=$basearch&repo=BaseOS-$releasever
#baseurl=http://dl.rockylinux.org/$contentdir/$releasever/BaseOS/$basearch/os/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-rockyofficial

yum makecache                         #更新源（安装新源后执行）
yum clean all                         #清除缓存目录（/var/cache/yum）下的软件包及旧的headers
yum list |grep                        #显示所有已经安装和可以安装的程序包
yum info [package-name]               #显示安装包信息
yum -y install [package-name]         #安装软件,默认选yes
yum remove [package-name]             #卸载
yum deplist rpm                       #查看程序rpm依赖情况
yum update                            #更新全部软件包
yum group list                        #列出组
yum group install "Security Tools"    #安装‘Security Tools’软件组
yum search                            #检索安装包

dnf repolist                                           #该命令用于显示系统中可用的 DNF 软件库
dnf repolist all                                       #该命令用于显示系统中可用和不可用的所有的 DNF 软件库
dnf list                                               #用户系统上的所有来自软件库的可用软件包和所有已经安装在系统上的软件包
dnf list installed                                     #该命令用于列出所有安装了的 RPM 包
dnf list available                                     #用于列出来自所有可用软件库的可供安装的软件包
dnf search [pakage]                                    #用该命令来搜索软件包
dnf provides /bin/bash                                 #查找某一文件的提供者
dnf info nano                                          #查看软件包详情
dnf install [pakage]                                   #安装软件包
dnf update systemd                                     #该命令用于升级指定软件包
dnf check-update                                       #该命令用于检查系统中所有软件包的更新
dnf update                                             #该命令用于升级系统中所有有可用升级的软件包
dnf remove [pakage]                                    #删除系统中指定的软件包
dnf autoremove                                         #删除无用孤立的软件包
dnf clean all                                          #删除缓存的无用软件包
dnf history                                            #查看您系统上 DNF 命令的执行历史
dnf grouplist                                          #该命令用于列出所有的软件包组
dnf groupinstall ‘Educational Software’                #该命令用于安装一个软件包组
dnf groupupdate ‘Educational Software’                 #升级一个软件包组中的软件包
dnf groupremove ‘Educational Software’                 #该命令用于删除一个软件包组
dnf reinstall [pakage]                                 #该命令用于重新安装特定软件包

.    #代表当前目录
..   #代表上一级目录
-    #代表上一个工作的目录
~    #代表家目录（root为/root,其他用户在/home下)

mkdir mortal
mkdir mortal1 mortal2
mkdir -p mortal3/mortral4

pwd

cd .
cd ..
cd ~
cd -

touch mortal

cp mor mortal1
cp /root/mortal/mortal1 mortal111
cp /root/mortal1/mor1 /root/mortal2
cp -r mortal111 mortal3/mortral4

mv mortal1 m1
mv m1 mortal111
mv mortal mortal1

mv 1.txt /root
mv 2.txt /root/3.txt
mv /root/2.txt /root/1/1.txt

cat /etc/passwd

echo `123`

>     #为覆盖
>>    #为追加

head -n 25 /etc/passwd|nl| tail -n 5
cat /etc/passwd|nl|head -n 25|tail -n 6

diff 1.txt 2.txt

ls > 1.txt
cat /etc/passwd > 1.txt

echo '1' >> 1.txt
echo '2' >> 2.txt

wc -l users
    2 users

wc -l < users
       2 

command << delimiter
    document
delimiter

wc -l << EOF
abcd
1234
EOF

## 其输出结果为2，统计了输入的行数。

w         # 保存 write
q         # 退出 quit
wq        # 保存并退出
q!        # 不保存强制退出
set nu    # 显示行号
wq!       # 强制保存并退出

/farmsec           # 搜索“farmsec”内容
gg                 # 光标立马回到第一行
2                  # 光标向下跳2行，以此类推
G                  # 移动到最后一行
dd                 # 删除当前行
d2j                # 删除当前行和下两行
yy                 # 复制一行
y2y                # 复制2行
p (小写)            # 粘贴到光标之后
P (大写)            # 粘贴到光标之前

dir(__builtins__)

['ArithmeticError', 'AssertionError', 'AttributeError', 'BaseException', 'BlockingIOError', 'BrokenPipeError', 'BufferError', 
'BytesWarning', 'ChildProcessError', 'ConnectionAbortedError', 'ConnectionError', 'ConnectionRefusedError', 'ConnectionResetError', 'DeprecationWarning', 
'EOFError', 'Ellipsis', 'EnvironmentError', 'Exception', 'False', 'FileExistsError', 'FileNotFoundError', 
'FloatingPointError', 'FutureWarning', 'GeneratorExit', 'IOError', 'ImportError', 'ImportWarning', 'IndentationError', 'IndexError', 
'InterruptedError', 'IsADirectoryError', 'KeyError', 'KeyboardInterrupt', 'LookupError', 'MemoryError', 'ModuleNotFoundError', 
'NameError', 'None', 'NotADirectoryError', 'NotImplemented', 'NotImplementedError', 'OSError', 'OverflowError', 'PendingDeprecationWarning', 
'PermissionError', 'ProcessLookupError', 'RecursionError', 'ReferenceError', 'ResourceWarning', 'RuntimeError', 'RuntimeWarning', 'StopAsyncIteration', 'StopIteration', 
'SyntaxError', 'SyntaxWarning', 'SystemError', 'SystemExit', 'TabError', 'TimeoutError', 'True', 'TypeError', 'UnboundLocalError', 'UnicodeDecodeError', 
'UnicodeEncodeError', 'UnicodeError', 'UnicodeTranslateError', 'UnicodeWarning', 'UserWarning', 'ValueError', 'Warning', 
'WindowsError', 'ZeroDivisionError', '__build_class__', '__debug__', '__doc__', '__import__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 
'abs', 'all', 'any', 'ascii', 'bin', 'bool', 'breakpoint', 'bytearray', 'bytes', 'callable', 'chr', 
'classmethod', 'compile', 'complex', 'copyright', 'credits', 'delattr', 'dict', 'dir', 'divmod', 'enumerate', 'eval', 'exec', 'exit', 'filter', 'float', 'format', 'frozenset', 
'getattr', 'globals', 'hasattr', 'hash', 'help', 'hex', 'id', 'input', 
'int', 'isinstance', 'issubclass', 'iter', 'len', 'license', 'list', 'locals', 'map', 'max', 'memoryview', 'min', 'next', 'object', 'oct', 'open', 'ord', 'pow', 'print', 'property', 
'quit', 'range', 'repr', 'reversed', 'round', 'set', 'setattr', 'slice', 'sorted', 'staticmethod', 'str', 'sum', 'super', 'tuple', 'type', 'vars', 'zip']

>>> print(x)
3

唐僧 = 81
print(唐僧)
81

>>> print("I love Pyhton")
I love Python

>>> print("Let's go!")
Let's go!
>>> print('"Life is short, you need Python."')
"Life is short, you need Python."

>>> 未使用原始字符串
>>> print("D:\three\two\one\now")
D:        hree        wo\one
ow
>>> # 使用原始字符串
>>> print(r"D:\three\two\one\now")
D:\three\two\one\now

>>> demo = """
知世故而不世故，
弥天真而芬芳。
"""

>>> '365' + '258'
'365258'

x = 'mortal'
y = 'mortal'
x is y

>>> 1568743148/115487896
13.583615273413589

>>> 0.1 + 0.2
0.30000000000000004

>>> 0.3 == 0.1 + 0.2
False

>>> import decimal
>>> a = decimal.Decimal("0.1")
>>> b = decimal.Decimal("0.2")
>>> print(a + b)
0.3
c = decimal.Decimal('0.3')
a + b == c
True

>>> x = 0.00005
>>> x
5e-05

>>> 1 + 2j
(1+2j)

>>> x = 1 + 2j
>>> x.real
1.0
>>> x.imag
2.0

>>> 1 + 2
3
>>> 1 - 2
-1
>>> 1 * 2
2
>>> 1 / 2
0.5

>>> 3 // 2
1
>>> -3 // 2
-2

>>> 3 % 2
1
>>> 6 % 2
0

>>> divmod(3, 2)
(1, 1)
>>> divmod(-3, 2)
(-2, 1)

>>> x = -520
>>> abs(x)
520
>>> y = -3.14
>>> abs(y)
3.14

>>> z = 1 + 2j
>>> abs(z)
2.23606797749979

>>> int('250')
250

>>> int(3.14)
3
>>> int(9.99)
9

>>> pow(2, 3)
8
>>> 2 ** 3
8
>>> pow(2, -3)
0.125
>>> 2 ** -3
0.125

>>> pow(2, 3, 3)
2

>>> 2 ** 3 % 3
2

>>> bool(250)
True
>>> bool("假")
True
>>> bool("False")
True

>>> 3 and 4
4
>>> 4 or 5
4

>>> "Mortal" and "LOVE"
'LOVE'

>>>"Mortal" and 250
250

>>> "Mortal" or 350
'Mortal'

if 条件:
    某条语句或某个代码块

if 条件:
    某条语句或某个代码块
else:
    某条语句或某个代码块

if 第1个条件:
    某条语句或某个代码块
elif 第2个条件:
    某条语句或某个代码块
elif 第3个条件：
    某条语句或某个代码块

if 第1个条件:
    某条语句或某个代码块
elif 第2个条件:
    某条语句或某个代码块
elif 第3个条件：
    某条语句或某个代码块
else:
    某条语句或某个代码块

条件成立时执行的语句 if 条件 else 条件不成立时执行的语句

>>> a = 3
>>> b = 5
>>> small = a if a < b else b
>>> print(small)
3

>>> age = 18
>>> isGamer = True
>>> if age < 18:
...     print("抱歉，本游戏不适合未成年。")
... else:
...     if isGamer:
...         print("游戏愉快！")
...     else:
...         print("抱歉，本游戏不适合非专业选手哦~")

游戏愉快！

while 条件:
    某条语句或某个代码块

>>> while True:
...     print("只要条件成立，我就循环到你死机！")

>>> i = 1
>>> while i < 3:
...     print("循环内，i 的值是", i)
...     i += 1
... else:
...     print("循环外, i 的值是", i)
... 
...     
循环内，i 的值是 1
循环内，i 的值是 2
循环外, i 的值是 3

>>> this = 1
>>> while this <= 5:
...     answer = input("是否this?")
...     if answer != "是":
...         break
...     this += 1
... else:
...     print("好的，你已经坚持了5次")
... 
...     
是否this?是
是否this?是
是否this?是
是否this?否

>>> i = 1
>>> while i <= 9:
...     j = 1
...     while j <= i:
...         print(j, "*", i, "=", j * i, end=" ")
...         j += 1
...     print()
...     i += 1
...
1 * 1 = 1 
1 * 2 = 2 2 * 2 = 4 
1 * 3 = 3 2 * 3 = 6 3 * 3 = 9 
1 * 4 = 4 2 * 4 = 8 3 * 4 = 12 4 * 4 = 16 
1 * 5 = 5 2 * 5 = 10 3 * 5 = 15 4 * 5 = 20 5 * 5 = 25 
1 * 6 = 6 2 * 6 = 12 3 * 6 = 18 4 * 6 = 24 5 * 6 = 30 6 * 6 = 36 
1 * 7 = 7 2 * 7 = 14 3 * 7 = 21 4 * 7 = 28 5 * 7 = 35 6 * 7 = 42 7 * 7 = 49 
1 * 8 = 8 2 * 8 = 16 3 * 8 = 24 4 * 8 = 32 5 * 8 = 40 6 * 8 = 48 7 * 8 = 56 8 * 8 = 64 
1 * 9 = 9 2 * 9 = 18 3 * 9 = 27 4 * 9 = 36 5 * 9 = 45 6 * 9 = 54 7 * 9 = 63 8 * 9 = 72 9 * 9 = 81 

for 变量 in 可迭代对象:
    某条语句或某个代码块

>>> for n in range(2, 10):
...     for x in range(2, n):
...         if n % x == 0:
...             print(n, "=", x, "*", n // x)
...             break
...     else:
...         print(n, "是一个素数")
...
2 是一个素数
3 是一个素数
4 = 2 * 2
5 是一个素数
6 = 2 * 3
7 是一个素数
8 = 2 * 4
9 = 3 * 3

>>> rhyme = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, "上山打老虎"]
>>> print(rhyme)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, '上山打老虎']

>>> for each in rhyme:
...     print(each)
...
1
2
3
4
5
上山打老虎

>>> rhyme[0]
1
>>> rhyme[2]
3
>>> rhyme[5]
'上山打老虎'

>>> rhyme[0:3]
[1, 2, 3]
>>> rhyme[3:6]
[4, 5, '上山打老虎']
>>> rhyme[:3]
[1, 2, 3]
>>> rhyme[3:]
[4, 5, '上山打老虎']
>>> rhyme[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, '上山打老虎']
>>> rhyme[0:6:2]
[1, 3, 5]
>>> rhyme[::2]
[1, 3, 5]
>>> rhyme[::-2]
['上山打老虎', 4, 2]
>>> rhyme[::-1]
['上山打老虎', 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

>>> food.append("egg")
>>> food
['milk', 'bread', 'egg']

>>> food.extend(["cake", "rice", "vagetables"])
>>> food
['milk', 'bread', 'egg', 'cake', 'rice', 'vagetables']

>>> s = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> # 下面的做法等同于 s.append(6)
>>> s[len(s):] = [6]
>>> s
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> # 下面的做法等同于 s.extend([7, 8, 9])
>>> s[len(s):] = [7, 8, 9]
>>> s
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

>>> s = [1, 3, 4, 5]
>>> s.insert(1, 2)
>>> s
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

>>> food.remove("vagetables")
>>> food
['milk', 'bread', 'egg', 'cake', 'rice']

>>> food.pop(0)
'milk'
>>> food
['bread', 'egg', 'cake', 'rice']

>>> food.pop()
'rice'
>>> food
['bread', 'egg', 'cake']

>>> food.clear()
>>> food
[]

>>> fruit = ['apple', 'apricot', 'cherries', 'coconut', 'mango', 'peach']
>>> fruit[3] = 'lychees'
>>> fruit
['apple', 'apricot', 'cherries', 'lychees', 'mango', 'peach']

>>> fruit[3:] = ['blackberries', 'cranberries', 'blueberries']
>>> fruit
['apple', 'apricot', 'cherries', 'blackberries', 'cranberries', 'blueberries']

>>> nums = [1, 4, 6, 9, 8, 2, 4, 7]
>>> nums.sort()
>>> nums
[1, 2, 4, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> #如果想倒叙怎么做呢？
>>> nums.reverse()          # reverse 是将数组翻转
>>> nums
[9, 8, 7, 6, 4, 4, 2, 1]

>>> nums = [1, 4, 6, 9, 8, 2, 4, 7]
>>> nums.sort(reverse=True)
>>> nums
[9, 8, 7, 6, 4, 4, 2, 1]

>>> nums
[9, 8, 7, 6, 4, 4, 2, 1]

>>> nums.count(4)
2

>>> fruit
['apple', 'apricot', 'cherries', 'blackberries', 'cranberries', 'blueberries']

>>> fruit.index('cherries')
2

>>> fruit[fruit.index('cherries')] = 'melon'
>>> fruit
['apple', 'apricot', 'melon', 'blackberries', 'cranberries', 'blueberries']

>>> nums = [1, 4, 6, 9, 8, 2, 4, 7]

>>> nums.index(4, 2, 7)
6

>>> nums_copy1 = nums.copy()
>>> nums_copy1
[1, 4, 6, 9, 8, 2, 4, 7]

>>> nums_copy2 = nums[:]
>>> nums_copy2
[1, 4, 6, 9, 8, 2, 4, 7]

>>> s = [4, 5, 6]
>>> t = [1, 2, 3]
>>> s + t
[4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3]
>>> matix = [[1, 2, 3],

>>> s * 3
[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]

>>> matrix = [[1, 2, 3],
              [4, 5, 6],
              [7, 8, 9]]

>>> for i in matrix:
...     for each in i:
...         print(each)
...
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

>>> matrix[0]
[1, 2, 3]
>>> matrix[1]
[4, 5, 6]
>>> matrix[2]
[7, 8, 9]
>>> matrix[0][0]
1
>>> matrix[1][1]
5
>>> matrix[2][2]
9

>>> A = [0] * 3
>>> for i in range(3):
...     A[i] = [0] * 3
...
>>> A
[[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]]

>>> x = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
>>> y = x.copy()        # 列表的 copy 方法
>>> x[1][1] = 0
>>> x
[[1, 2, 3], [4, 0, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
>>> y
[[1, 2, 3], [4, 0, 6], [7, 8, 9]]

>>> import copy
>>> x = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
>>> y = copy.copy(x)    # copy 模块的copy函数 列表、字符串、元组 都可以拷贝

>>> x = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
>>> y = copy.deepcopy(x)
>>> x[1][1] = 0
>>> x
[[1, 2, 3], [4, 0, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
>>> y
[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]

>>> this = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
...           
>>> for i in range(len(this)):
...           this[i] = this[i] * 2

>>> this = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> this = [i * 2 for i in this]

>>> matrix = [[1, 2, 3],
...                 [4, 5, 6],
...                 [7, 8, 9]]
>>> col2 = [row[1] for row in matrix]       #选取每行的第二个元素
>>> col2
[2, 5, 8]

>>> diag = [matrix[i][i] for i in range(len(matrix))]   #len()是推导列表里元素的角标
>>> diag
[1, 5, 9]

>>> S = [[0] * 3 for i in range(3)]
>>> S
[[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]]
>>> S[1][1] = 1
>>> S
[[0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 0]]

[expression for target1 in iterable1
            for target2 in iterable2
            ...
            for targetN in iterableN]

[expression for target1 in iterable1 if condition1
            for target2 in iterable2 if condition2
            ...
            for targetN in iterableN if conditionN]

>>> x = (6,)
>>> type(x)
<class 'tuple'>

>>> x = 789,
>>> x
(789,)
>>> type(x)
<class 'tuple'>

>>> x
123
>>> y
'Mortal'
>>> z
2.713

>>> x, y = 5, 8
>>> x
5
>>> y
8

>>> _ = (5, 8)
>>> x, y = _
>>> x
5
>>> y
8

>>> s = [1, 2, 3]
>>> t = [4, 5, 6]
>>> w = (s, t)
>>> w
([1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6])
>>> w[0][1] = '大笨蛋'
>>> w
([1, '大笨蛋', 3], [4, 5, 6])

>>> x = "I love little Cat"
>>> x.capitalize()
'I love little cat'

>>> x.capitalize()
'I love little cat'

>>> x.title()
'I Love Little Cat'

>>> x.swapcase()
'i LOVE LITTLE cAT'

>>> x.upper()
'I LOVE LITTLE CAT'

>>> x.lower()
'i love little cat'

>>> x.center(15)
'     小猫爱吃鱼     '

>>> x.ljust(15)
'小猫爱吃鱼          '

>>> x.rjust(15)
'          小猫爱吃鱼'

>>> "520".zfill(5)
'00520'
>>> "-520".zfill(5)
'-0520'
>>> x.center(15, "淦")
'淦淦淦有内鬼，停止交易！淦淦淦'
>>> x.ljust(15, "淦")
'有内鬼，停止交易！淦淦淦淦淦淦'
>>> x.rjust(15, "淦")
'淦淦淦淦淦淦有内鬼，停止交易！'

>>> x = "上海自来水来自海上"
>>> x.count("海")
2
>>> x.count("海", 0, 5)
1
>>> x.find("海")
1
>>> x.rfind("海")
7
>>> x.find("龟")
-1
>>> x.index("龟")
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#6>", line 1, in <module>
    x.index("龟")
ValueError: substring not found

>>> code = """
        print("I love MoralSec.")
    print("I love my wife.")"""

>>> new_code = code.expandtabs(4)
>>> print(new_code)
    
    print("I love MoralSec.")
    print("I love my wife.")
>>>

>>> "在吗！我在你家楼下，快点下来!!".replace("在吗", "想你")
'想你！我在你家楼下，快点下来!!'

>>> table = str.maketrans("ABCDEFG", "1234567")
>>> "YOU ARE AN APPLE OF MY EYE".translate(table)
'YOU 1R5 1N 1PPL5 O6 MY 5Y5'

>>> "YOU ARE AN APPLE OF MY EYE".translate(str.maketrans("ABCDEFG", "1234567","ARE"))
'YOU  N PPL O6 MY Y'

>>> x = "我爱Python"
>>> x.startswith("我")
True
>>> x.startswith("小猫咪")
False

>>> x.startswith("我", 1)
False
>>> x.startswith("爱", 1)
True
>>> x.endswith("Py")
False
>>> x.endswith("Py", 0, 4)
True

>>> x = "她爱Pyhon"
>>> if x.startswith(("你", "我", "她")):
...     print("总有人喜爱Pyhon")
...
总有人喜爱Pyhon

>>> x = "I Love Python"
>>> x.istitle()
True

>>> x.isupper()
False
>>> x.upper().isupper()
True

>>> x.isalpha()
False
>>> "IlovePython".isalpha()
True

>>> x.isascii()
True
>>> "我爱Pyhon".isascii()
False

>>> "    \t\n".isspace()
True

>>> x.isprintable()
True
>>> "I love FishC\n".isprintable()
False

>>> x = "12345"
>>> x.isdecimal()
True
>>> x.isdigit()
True
>>> x.isnumeric()
True

>>> x = "ⅠⅡⅢⅣⅤ"
>>> x.isdecimal()
False
>>> x.isdigit()
False
>>> x.isnumeric()
True

>>> x = "一二三四五"
>>> x.isdecimal()
False
>>> x.isdigit()
False
>>> x.isnumeric()
True

>>> x = "壹贰叁肆伍"
>>> x.isdecimal()
False
>>> x.isdigit()
False
>>> x.isnumeric()
True

>>> "I a good gay".isidentifier()
False
>>> "I_a_good_gay".isidentifier()
True
>>> "FishC520".isidentifier()
True
>>> "520FishC".isidentifier()
False

>>> import keyword
>>> keyword.iskeyword("if")
True
>>> keyword.iskeyword("py")
False

>>> "    左侧不要留白".lstrip()
'左侧不要留白'
>>> "右侧不要留白    ".rstrip()
'右侧不要留白'
>>> "    左右不要留白    ".strip()
'左右不要留白'

>>> "https://ilovefishc.com/html5/index.html".split('//')[1].split('/')[0]
'ilovefishc.com'

>>> "https://ilovefishc.com/html5/index.html".split('//')
['https:', 'ilovefishc.com/html5/index.html']
>>> "https://ilovefishc.com/html5/index.html".split('//')[1]            #[1]为返回列表的索引
'ilovefishc.com/html5/index.html'
>>> "https://ilovefishc.com/html5/index.html".split('//')[1].split('/')
['ilovefishc.com', 'html5', 'index.html']
>>> "https://ilovefishc.com/html5/index.html".split('//')[1].split('/')[0]
'ilovefishc.com'

>>> "www.github.com".lstrip("wcom.")
'github.com'
>>> "www.github.com".rstrip("wcom.")
'www.github'
>>> "www.github.com".strip("wcom.")
'github'

>>> "www.github.com".removeprefix("www.")
'github.com'
>>> "www.github.com".removesuffix(".com")
'www.github'

>>> "www.github.com".partition(".")
('www', '.', 'github.com')

>>> "github.com/python".partition("/")
('github.com', '/', 'python')

>>> "苟日新，日日新，又日新".split("，")
['苟日新', '日日新', '又日新']
>>> "苟日新，日日新，又日新".rsplit("，")
['苟日新', '日日新', '又日新']
>>> "苟日新，日日新，又日新".split("，", 1)
['苟日新', '日日新，又日新']
>>> "苟日新，日日新，又日新".rsplit("，", 1)
['苟日新，日日新', '又日新']

>>> "苟日新\n日日新\n又日新".splitlines()
['苟日新', '日日新', '又日新']
>>> "苟日新\r日日新\r又日新".splitlines()
['苟日新', '日日新', '又日新']
>>> "苟日新\r日日新\r\n又日新".splitlines()
['苟日新', '日日新', '又日新']

>>> "苟日新\r日日新\r\n又日新".splitlines(True)
['苟日新\r', '日日新\r\n', '又日新']

>>> ".".join(["www", "ilovefishc", "com"])
'www.ilovefishc.com'
>>> "^".join(("F", "ish", 'C'))
'F^ish^C'
>>> "".join(("FishC", "FishC"))
'FishCFishC'

>>> year = 2010
>>> "鱼C工作室成立于 year 年。"
'鱼C工作室成立于 year 年。'
>>> "鱼C工作室成立于 {} 年。".format(year)
'鱼C工作室成立于 2010 年。'

>>> "1+2={}, 2的平方是{}，3的立方是{}".format(1+2, 2*2, 3*3*3)
'1+2=3, 2的平方是4，3的立方是27'

>>> "{1}看到{0}就很激动！".format("mortal", "漂亮的小姐姐")
'漂亮的小姐姐看到mortal就很激动！'

>>> "{0}{0}{1}{1}".format("是", "非")
'是是非非'

>>> "我叫{name}，我爱{fav}。".format(name="mortal", fav="Pyhon")
'我叫mortal，我爱Pyhon。'

>>> "我叫{name}，我爱{0}。喜爱{0}的人，运气都不会太差^o^".format("python", name="mortal")
'我叫mortal，我爱python。喜爱python的人，运气都不会太差^o^'

>>> "{}, {}, {}".format(1, "{}", 2)
'1, {}, 2'
>>> "{}, {{}}, {}".format(1, 2)
'1, {}, 2'

format_spec     ::=  [[fill]align][sign][#][0][width][grouping_option][.precision][type]
fill            ::=  <any character>
align           ::=  "<" | ">" | "=" | "^"
sign            ::=  "+" | "-" | " "
width           ::=  digit+
grouping_option ::=  "_" | ","
precision       ::=  digit+
type            ::=  "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "E" | "f" | "F" | "g" | "G" | "n" | "o" | "s" | "x" | "X" | "%"

>>> "{:^}".format(250)
'250'
>>> "{:^10}".format(250)
'   250    '
>>> "{1:>10}{0:<10}".format(520, 250)
'       250520       '
>>> "{left:>10}{right:<10}".format(right=520, left=250)
'       250520       '

>>> "{:010}".format(520)
'0000000520'
>>> "{:010}".format(-520)
'-000000520'

>>> "{:010}".format("FishC")
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#39>", line 1, in <module>
    "{:010}".format("FishC")
ValueError: '=' alignment not allowed in string format specifier

>>> "{1:%>10}{0:%<10}".format(520, 250)
'%%%%%%%250520%%%%%%%'
>>> "{:0=10}".format(520)
'0000000520'
>>> "{:0=10}".format(-520)
'-000000520'

>>> "{:.{prec}f}".format(3.1415, prec=2)
'3.14'

>>> "{:{fill}{align}{width}.{prec}{ty}}".format(3.1415, fill='+', align='^', width=10, prec=3, ty='g')
'+++3.14+++'

>>> year = 2010
>>> f"鱼C工作室成立于 {year} 年"
'鱼C工作室成立于 2010 年'
>>> 
>>> f"1+2={1+2}, 2的平方是{2*2}，3的立方是{3*3*3}"
'1+2=3, 2的平方是4，3的立方是27'
>>> 
>>> "{:010}".format(-520)
>>> f"{-520:010}"
'-000000520'
>>> 
>>> "{:,}".format(123456789)
>>> f"{123456789:,}"
'123,456,789'
>>> 
>>> "{:.2f}".format(3.1415)
>>> f"{3.1415:.2f}"
'3.14'

>>> [1, 2, 3] + [4, 5, 6]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> (1, 2, 3) + (4, 5, 6)
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
>>> "123" + "456"
'123456'
>>> [1, 2, 3] * 3
[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
>>> (1, 2, 3) * 3
(1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3)
>>> "123" * 3
'123123123'

>>> s = [1, 2, 3]
>>> id(s)
2285532322944       
>>> s *= 2
>>> s
[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
>>> id(s)
2285532322944       

>>> t = (1, 2, 3)
>>> id(t)
2285532205952       
>>> t *= 2
>>> t
(1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3)
>>> id(t)
2285532393920           #观察这里

>>> x = "FishC"
>>> y = "FishC"
>>> x is y
True
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [1, 2, 3]
>>> x is not y
True

>>> "Fish" in "FishC"
True
>>> "鱼" in "鱼C"
True
>>> "C" not in "FishC"
False

>>> x = "FishC"
>>> y = [1, 2, 3]
>>> del x, y
>>> x
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#52>", line 1, in <module>
    x
NameError: name 'x' is not defined
>>> y
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#53>", line 1, in <module>
    y
NameError: name 'y' is not defined

min(iterable, *[, key, default])
min(arg1, arg2, *args[, key])

max(iterable, *[, key, default])
max(arg1, arg2, *args[, key])

>>> s = [1, 1, 2, 3, 5]
>>> min(s)
1
>>> t = "Mortal"
>>> max(t)
't'

>>> min(1, 2, 3, 0, 6)
0
>>> max(1, 2, 3, 0, 6)
6

>>> len(range(2 ** 100))
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#42>", line 1, in <module>
    len(range(2 ** 100))
OverflowError: Python int too large to convert(转换) to C ssize_t

>>> s = [1, 0, 0, 8, 6]
>>> sum(s)
15

>>> sum(s, start=100)
115

>>> s = [1, 2, 3, 0, 6]
>>> sorted(s)
[0, 1, 2, 3, 6]

>>> sorted(s, reverse=True)
[6, 3, 2, 1, 0]
>>> s.sort(reverse=True)
>>> s
[6, 3, 2, 1, 0]
>>> t = ["FishC", "Apple", "Book", "Banana", "Pen"]
>>> sorted(t)
['Apple', 'Banana', 'Book', 'FishC', 'Pen']
>>> sorted(t, key=len)
['Pen', 'Book', 'FishC', 'Apple', 'Banana']

>>> s = [1, 2, 5, 8, 0]
>>> reverse(s)
<list_reverseiterator object at 0x0000022926732AC0>

>>> list(reverse(s))
[0, 8, 5, 2, 1]

>>> list(reverse("FishC"))
['C', 'h', 's', 'i', 'F']
>>> list(reverse((1, 2, 5, 9, 3)))
[3, 9, 5, 2, 1]
>>> list(reverse(range(0, 10)))
[9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]

>>> x = [1, 1, 0]
>>> y = [1, 1, 9]
>>> all(x)
False
>>> all(y)
Ture
>>> any(x)
True
>>> any(y)
True

>>> seasons = ["Spring", "Summer", "Fall", "Winter"]
>>> list(enumerate(seasons))
[(0, 'Spring'), (1, 'Summer'), (2, 'Fall'), (3, 'Winter')]

>>> for i, j in enumerate(seasons, start=10):
...     print(i, "->", j)
... 
10 -> Spring
11 -> Summer
12 -> Fall
13 -> Winter

>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [4, 5, 6]
>>> zipped = zip(x, y)
>>> list(zipped)
[(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]
>>> z = [7, 8, 9]
>>> zipped = zip(x, y, z)
>>> list(zipped)
[(1, 4, 7), (2, 5, 8), (3, 6, 9)]

>>> z = "FishC"
>>> zipped = zip(x, y, z)
>>> list(zipped)
[(1, 4, 'F'), (2, 5, 'i'), (3, 6, 's')]

>>> import itertools
>>> zipped = itertools.zip_longest(x, y, z)
>>> list(zipped)
[(1, 4, 'F'), (2, 5, 'i'), (3, 6, 's'), (None, None, 'h'), (None, None, 'C')]

>>> mapped = map(ord, "FishC")
>>> list(mapped)
[70, 105, 115, 104, 67]

>>> mapped = map(pow, [2, 3, 10], [5, 2, 3]))
>>> list(mapped)
[32, 9, 1000]

>>> [pow(2, 5), pow(3, 2), pow(10, 3)]
[32, 9, 1000]

>>> list(map(max, [1, 3, 5], [2, 2, 2], [0, 3, 9, 8]))
[2, 3, 9]

>>> filter(str.islower, "FishC")
<filter object at 0x000001B5170FEFA0>

>>> list(filter(None, [True, False, 1, 0]))
[True, 1]

>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> y = iter(x)

>>> type(x)
<class 'list'>
>>> type(y)
<class 'list_iterator'>

>>> next(y)
1
>>> next(y)
2
>>> next(y)
3
>>> next(y)
4
>>> next(y)
5
>>> next(y)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#52>", line 1, in <module>
    next(y)
StopIteration

>>> z = iter(x)
>>> next(z, "没啦，被你掏空啦~")
1
>>> next(z, "没啦，被你掏空啦~")
2
>>> next(z, "没啦，被你掏空啦~")
3
>>> next(z, "没啦，被你掏空啦~")
4
>>> next(z, "没啦，被你掏空啦~")
5
>>> next(z, "没啦，被你掏空啦~")
'没啦，被你掏空啦~'

>>> d = {"吕布":"口口布", "关羽":"关习习"}
>>> type(d)
<class 'dict'>

>>> d["吕布"]
'口口布'

>>> d = dict.fromkeys("Fish", 250)
>>> d
{'F': 250, 'i': 250, 's': 250, 'h': 250}

>>> d = dict.fromkeys("Fish")
>>> d
{'F': None, 'i': None, 's': None, 'h': None}